Freud's Structural Model

Freud's Structural Model explains that personality has three components: the id (pleasure principle), ego (reality principle), and superego (perfection principle). They develop at different times and work together to influence our behaviors.

The id is completely unconscious and is present from birth. It is the source of psychic energy as it encompasses instincts, desires, primitive behaviors, and needs. The id is essential in infancy as it creates a tension that seeks to satisfy basic needs such as hunger, elimination, and sleep.

The next component is the ego; it develops from the id and it arises during the first three years of life. Since it is the reality principle, it is responsible for the expression of the id in an acceptable manner. The ego's influence is pervasive as it functions in consciousness, unconsciousness, and subconsciousness.

The superego is the last to develop; it is responsible for setting ethical standards and it arises at around five years old. It has two parts: ego ideal and conscience. The ego ideal reflects the rules and standards such as those set by parents or the government. The conscience covers feelings of guilt regarding immoral or forbidden behaviors. Just like the ego, it is present in one’s consciousness, unconsciousness, and subconsciousness.

There needs to be a healthy balance between the id, ego, and superego for a healthy personality to manifest. For instance, a dominant ego may lead to a spoiled and greedy personality while a dominant superego may lead to a puritanical and deprecating behavior. As for a dominant ego, it may result to an overly concrete and rigid personality. With the right balance, an individual can satisfy the id’s wants at the right time to adhere to social norms.